Experimental and Analytical Core and Geomechanical Data Analysis of a Tight Oil Carbonate Formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Unconventional resources around the world and particularly in North America have been revitalized as a result of advancements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal wellbore technology. This has created a new wave of hydrocarbon exploration, exploitation and development in most of the tight hydrocarbon plays in western Canada. The multidisciplinary (geochemistry, geomechanics and geophysics) approach and the use of nanotechnology in the petroleum industry have not only helped us to improve our knowledge and understanding of these tight and complex reservoirs and their associated systems, but have also resulted in an upsurge of hydrocarbon recovery. This study focuses on the results of several analyses performed on different core samples from the Swan Hills Formation, which is predominantly a calcium carbonate oil reservoir in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Routine and special core analyses of the core plugs were conducted to determine reservoir properties, including bulk and skeleton density, porosity by helium pycnometry, and pore size distribution by mercury injection capillary method (MICP). Stress-dependent permeability of the rock (matrix) was measured using the pulse decay permeability method. Triaxial compression tests were also conducted to determine the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, compressive strength, and residual strength after peak failure. Linear Mohr–Coulomb failure envelopes (cohesion and friction angle) were also constructed for the intact rock and the rock after failure. Furthermore, short-term and long-term conductivity of acid etched fractures were measured. Empirical and theoretical correlations were used to model short- and long-term stress-dependent acid fracture conductivity. Nierode-Kruk's model was found to best fit the laboratory data among all models. Constants in Nierode-Kruk's model that depend on rock embedment strength and dissolved rock equivalent conductivity are reported. Effects of different acid concentrations on permeability and conductivity were discussed in detail. Creep testing was performed to determine time-dependent deformation of samples under confining stress. It was found that creep strain is dominated by primary creep stage. Time-dependent creep deformation is minimal for tested samples under various confining pressures. Mineralogy, rock fabric and wormhole growth were investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Computed Tomography (CT) scanning techniques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".