Generator thermal stress during a Geomagnetic Disturbance
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the operating condition of the generator during a Geomagnetic Disturbance (GMD). Generators are sensitive to harmonics and negative sequence currents, caused by the half-cycle saturation of the generator step-up transformer due to Geomagnetically Induced Current. Such harmonic currents can cause rotor heating, alarming, and the loss of generation. Based on the time-domain simulation in the EMTP, this study investigates the order and magnitude of the harmonics which impact the generator, and determines the rotor heating level due to such harmonics, at various levels of the GIC. The study reveals that the generator can reach its thermal capability limit at moderate GIC levels. However, the existing standards, e.g., IEEE Standards C50.12 and C50.13, fail to account for such operating conditions, and the corresponding recommendations underestimate the rotor heating level. As such, the negative sequence relays may not accurately operate under GMDs. A modification to the standards is also required which is proposed in this study.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it