Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The effect of dissolved gas in the reservoir on oil production rates in SAGD is investigated by means of theory and simulation. Butler's LinDrain equation for the oil rate during the spreading phase of the steam chamber is generalized to include the effect of gas dissolved in the oil phase. The theory incorporates methods to calculate saturation distributions in the flow region and links the (dead) oil rate to the producing water-oil ratio (WOR) and gas-oil ratio (GOR). For a given GOR in a suitable range, the theory indicates that the oil rate with dissolved gas approaches the oil rate without dissolved gas as the operating pressure increases. Simulation studies were carried out to evaluate the impact of dissolved gas on oil rates for increasing operating pressure and the conclusion from theory stated above was confirmed in the simulation runs. The results here indicate that the reduction n the oil rate due to dissolved gas may be substantial for operating pressures close to the initial pressure and could influence the selection of a suitable operating pressure for SAGD. Introduction In the early theoretical and experimental work on steamassisted gravity drainage (SAGD), the effect of dissolved gas on the process was ignored (see Chapter 7 of Butler1). Later studies of the effect, based on reservoir simulation, indicated a decrease in the bitumen production rate due to the presence of dissolved gas (Gittins et al. 2). Since this effect was apparently not in agreement with field data, some authors concluded that there was something inherently wrong with the simulation results and claimed that the exclusion of dissolved gas resulted in bitumen rates more in accord with field experience (pp. 583 - 584 of Mukherjee et al. 3). In this paper we study the issue of dissolved gas in SAGD by means of theory and simulation and show that the effects on bitumen rate predicted by simulation are in accord with theory. owever the effect does decrease as the operating pressure increases and the (dead) bitumen rates with and without dissolved gas become nearly equal. LinDrain Theory for SAGD with Dissolved Gas For the case when no dissolved gas is present, Butler (p. 176 of Ref. 4) has developed a 2-D theory for calculating the bitumen rate for SAGD, during the spreading phase of the steam chamber, by assuming a triangular shape for the steam chamber. The reservoir is assumed to be laterally infinite. This theory, referred to by Butler as LinDrain Theory in his writings, is generalized here to the case when dissolved gas is present. The dissolved gas is taken to be methane and it is assumed that methane is soluble in the oil phase but not in the water phase. Dead bitumen is represented by a single pseudo-component. Only steam injection is considered here-there is no injection of methane with steam. For the case of dissolved gas, the steam chamber of SAGD becomes a vapor chamber containing a mixture of water vapor and methane
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".