Temperature effects in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor microwave distributed amplifiers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Broadband amplifiers implemented in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology offer a low-cost solution as gain elements for wideband communication systems. These components must maintain an acceptable target performance for a wide range of temperatures. We present experimental results for the gain, reflection coefficients, and group delay of a broadband amplifier operating from 2to14GHz in the temperature range of 25–125°C. The high-frequency power gain drops by approximately 0.37dB every 10°C of temperature increase, the maximum input and output refection coefficients change by less than 0.1dB∕10°C, and the change in the input-to-output group delay is negligible over the measured temperature range. The amplifier was simulated using temperature-dependent measurement-based models for the transistors, capacitors, and resistors and a single-temperature electromagnetic-simulation-based model for the inductors and interconnections. Simulated gain degradation is 0.22dB∕10°C, which suggests that the temperature effects on the inductors and interconnections lines are very important; however, temperature-dependent simulation is not a standard feature of electromagnetic (EM) simulators. It is thus important to include temperature effects when developing models based on EM simulations. Our results suggest that the key element to be considered is the conductor’s resistivity increase with temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".