Investigation of scattering in lunar seismic coda
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigate the intrinsic attenuation and scattering properties of the Moon by parameterizing the coda decay of 369 higher‐quality lunar seismograms from 72 events via their characteristic rise and decay times. We investigate any dependence of the decay times on source type, frequency, and epicentral distance. Intrinsic attenuation, scattering, and possible focusing of energy in a near‐surface, low‐velocity layer all contribute to the coda decay. Although it is not possible to quantify the exact contribution of each of these effects in the seismograms, results suggest that scattering in a near‐surface global layer dominates the records of shallow events (∼0–200 km depth), particularly at frequencies above 2 Hz, and for increasing epicentral distance. We propose that the scattering layer is the megaregolith and that energy from shallow sources encounters more scatterers as it travels longer distances in the layer, increasing the coda decay times. A size distribution of ejecta blocks that has more small‐scale than large‐scale scatterers intensifies this effect for increasing frequencies. Deep moonquakes (700–1100 km depth) exhibit no dependence of the decay time on epicentral distance. We suggest that because of their large depths and small amplitudes, deep moonquakes from any distance sample a similar region near a given receiver. Near‐station structure and geology may also control the decay times of local events, as evidenced by two natural impact records. This study provides constraints and testable hypotheses for waveform modeling of the lunar interior that includes the effects of intense scattering and shallow, low‐velocity layers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".