Structural Insight into G-Protein Coupled Receptor Binding by Apelin
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apelin peptides are the cognate ligands for the G-protein coupled receptor APJ, with functions in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, in glucose metabolism and as a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) coreceptor. Apelin is found in 13-36 residue forms in vivo. The structures of five isoforms of apelin at physiological versus low (5-6 degrees C) temperature are compared here using circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, demonstrating increased structure at low temperature. Far-ultraviolet (UV) CD spectra are predominantly random coil for apelin isoforms, but are convoluted by unusual bands from the C-terminal phenylalanine side chain. These bands, assigned using F13A-apelin-13, are accentuated at 5 degrees C and imply conformational restriction. At 35 degrees C, the R6-L9 region of apelin-17 is well structured, consistent with previous mutagenesis results showing necessity of this segment for apelin-APJ binding and activation. At 5 degrees C, R6-L9 retains its structuring while the functionally critical C-terminal G13-F17 region also becomes highly structured. Type IV beta-turns and some polyproline-II structure alongside F17 side chain motional reduction correlate well with CD spectral properties. Cis-trans peptide bond isomerization at P14 and P16 produces two sequentially assignable conformers (both trans:both cis approximately 4:1) alongside less populated conformers. Chemical shift assignment of apelin-12, -13 and pyroglutamate-apelin-13 implies highly similar structuring and the same isomerization at the C-terminus. Based on the apelin-17 structure, a two-step binding and activation mechanism is hypothesized.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it