HABITAT SELECTION AND SITE FIDELITY OF CANADA WARBLERS (<i>WILSONIA CANADENSIS</i>) IN CENTRAL NEW HAMPSHIRE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Habitat selection by migratory bird species affects their fitness. Studies of populations with marked individuals of known reproductive performance provide the greatest insight on the relationship between a species and the range of habitats it occupies. Canada Warblers (Wilsonia canadensis) have not been intensively investigated at the population level, despite significant regional declines in their numbers over the past 40 years (e.g., 4.6% year−1 in New Hampshire). We mapped 92 male territories over four years and quantified habitat structure and habitat composition for territories and nonterritory areas. Analyses revealed more shrubs (stems and foliage), more perch trees, and lower canopy height on territories. Birds returned at an average rate of 52.0 ± 2.96% (SE) and exhibited average between-year shifts of 32 m in territory locations. Over the four years, males had high pairing success (91.0 ± 5.61%). Three-quarters of paired males fledged at least one young. Pairing and fledging success did not influence site fidelity. Paired males had more shrub stems and song-perch trees. Territories of earlier-arriving males had more shrub stems. The high proportion of males pairing and successfully fledging young, together with the high average return rates, indicate that areas with dense subcanopy vegetation constitute prime Canada Warbler breeding habitat in New Hampshire. Timber harvest practices that result in high shrub density and residual standing trees, such as deferment or two-age harvest, have the potential to slow Canada Warbler population declines, but only if they are widely applied in forest management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".