Full-Scale Tests of Cold Bend Pipes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental program sponsored jointly by SNAM Rete Gas, Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. and TransCanada Pipelines Ltd. was conducted on cold bend pipes under combined loading. These tests were designed to study the local buckling behavior and to develop the critical compressive strain criteria for cold bend pipes under combined loading. The test program includes eight full-scale specimens of NPS24 and NPS30 pipes with pipe thickness up to 14.3 mm. The test parameters include different D/t ratios (44, 69, and 93), material grades (X60, X65, and X80), bend angles (1.0 to 1.5 degree/diameter), and operation pressures (0%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of SMYS). In addition to full-scale tests, initial imperfections and residual strains due to cold bend processes were also measured. This paper describes the test specimens, test setup, instrumentation, and test procedures used in the program. A brief discussion of the test results is also covered in the paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".