Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper shows that the emergence of a field of social welfare for unwed mothers in Toronto at the turn of the twentieth century marked a broad shift within liberal governance. For most of the nineteenth century, an out-of-wedlock birth was considered a private dilemma, and there were few public or private resources for women in this situation. As Toronto urbanized and industrialized, this classical liberal approach proved insufficient, and new institutions and practices emerged that were based on liberal welfare sensibilities, as witnessed in the development of religious-run maternity homes and the subsequent expansion of social work with unwed mothers. Although provincial legislation contributed to these developments, for the most part female charity workers took the lead in forming this social field, which was shaped by white, middle-class, patriarchal sensibilities. Cet article r�v�le que l'�mergence d'un domaine d'aide sociale pour m�res c�libataires au d�but du XXe si�cle � Toronto a signal� un virage d'envergure dans la gouvernance lib�rale. Pendant pratiquement tout le XIXe si�cle, les naissances hors mariage �taient consid�r�es comme une impasse d'ordre personnel et il existait peu de ressources publiques ou priv�es pour les femmes se trouvant dans cette situation. � mesure que Toronto s'urbanisait et s'industrialisait, cette approche lib�rale classique se r�v�lait insuffisante pour faire face aux menaces confrontant les vieilles traditions de la vie familiale, menaces qu'incarnaient les images de m�res c�libataires. De nouveaux mod�les institutionnels virent le jour, n�s d'une sensibilisation � l'aide sociale. Ces mod�les s'articulaient sur la notion que les gens pouvaient �tre amen�s � se comporter normalement, mesure recherch�e qui valorisait des id�aux de famille blanche, patriarcale et de classe moyenne. Si la l�gislation provinciale contribua au d�veloppement de ce nouveau domaine, les autorit�s politiques rest�rent pour la plupart satisfaites de laisser les femmes �uvrant au sein d'organismes de bienfaisance fa�onner ce nouveau domaine des services sociaux.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".