Isoelectric Point Determination of Norovirus Virus-like Particles by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing with Whole Column Imaging Detection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A capillary isoelectric focusing-whole column imaging detection (CIEF-WCID) method was used to determine the isoelectric point (pI) of norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs). The VLPs were produced from noroviruses that represented the two genogroups, genogroup I (Funabashi, Seto, and Norwalk) and genogroup II (Hawaii, Kashiwa, and Narita). Using the imaged CIEF-WCID detection technique, separation was accomplished using a short (4-5 cm) internally coated capillary (100-microm diameter) and a whole-column optical absorption imaging detector operated at 280 nm. CIEF-WCID experiments showed the similarity of the pI values of VLPs from genogroups I and II, with pI values of 5.9, 5.9, 6.0, and 6.0 for Funabashi, Norwalk, Seto, and Hawaii. The two other VLPs displayed pI values of 5.5 (Kashiwa) and 6.9 (Narita). The VLP peaks were shown to be reproducibility resolved. CIEF-WCID shows great promise for norovirus detection in public health, clinical, and food safety applications, as CIEF-WCID overcomes several limitations of the currently used genetic and immunological methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".