Carbon Based Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors of Low Internal Resistance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on nanoporous carbon electrodes electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC), otherwise known as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, are currently widely used in various energy storage technologies, wherein the EDLC low internal resistance and long cycle life are at an advantage. It is still a good challenge to further reduce the internal resistance of EDLC since this can result in higher power density and higher efficiency of these promising power supply units. In this work it has been found that the EDLC internal resistance depends strongly on the electrolyte diffusion in the carbon electrode nanopores, and two techniques to measure the in-pore diffusion coefficients, namely, those based on spin-echo NMR or cyclic voltammetry with the use of porous rotating disc electrode are described. Cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy have also been used to select the best EDLC components. As a result, EDLC devices of very low internal resistance and high power density have been developed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".