Near real-time comparison of UTC(k)'s through a Precise Point Positioning approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The time-transfer technique based on Precise Point Positioning (PPP) allows the comparison of atomic clocks with precisions at the level of hundred picoseconds. This paper presents the results obtained in near real-time using satellite orbit and clock information from IGS real-time streams and from the NRCan Ultra Rapid products (EMU). These results can be considered quite interesting for the National Metrology Institutes, providing a new tool for monitoring their UTC(k)'s. Two different PPP software tools have been used in this study, namely “Atomium” developed and operated at ORB and the NRCan-PPP soon to be operated at INRIM and LNE-SYRTE-OP in near real-time mode. This paper presents a quantification of the degree of equivalence of the results obtained from the analysis conducted using each software as well as the operational web page available at the Royal Observatory of Belgium, providing PPP solutions for the comparison of UTC(k)'s in near real-time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".