Skeletal Muscle EMG Changes during Whole Body Vibration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whole body vibration (WB V) training utilizes a vertically vibrating platform to generate reflexive muscular contractions. WBV training has been shown to improve static and dynamic leg strength but there are few data on the effect of WBV on upper and lower body muscle activity. The optimal frequency and amplitude for WBV has yet to be elucidated. PURPOSE: To examine the influence of WBV on muscle activity in lower and upper body agonist/antagonist muscle pairs during static and dynamic contractions. METHODS: Surface electromyography (EMG) was measured for the vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), biceps brachii (BB), and triceps brachii (TB) in 10 recreationally active male university students (24.4±2.0 years; mean±SD) during 2 testing sessions. In session 1, static semi-squat (knee angle 120°) and dynamic squats with no vibration and at WBV frequencies of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 Hz at both 2 and 4 mm amplitude were tested. For session 2, static (elbow at 90°) and dynamic biceps curls were performed using the same conditions. EMG changes are based on the difference between WBV and no WBV EMGrms (root mean square) values, expressed as % of Maximum Voluntary Exertion (%MVE). RESULTS: Without WBV, static semi-squat muscle activity was 34.5% in the VL and 1.5% in the BF, with WBV at 35-45Hz with 2 or 4 mm amplitude eliciting increases (p<.05) of 2.9-6.7% in the VL and 0.8-1.2% in the BF. Dynamic squatting raised VL activity to 52.5% with all WBV conditions increasing (p<.05) VL activity ∼6.7%. Dynamic squatting also raised (p<.05) BF activity to 4.5% with WBV at 35–45 Hz with 2 or 4 mm increasing (p<0.05) BF activity 1-2%. Static BB activity was 2.5% and TB was 0.8% with WBV having no effect on the BB but all WBV conditions increasing (p<0.05) TB activity 0.3-0.7%. Dynamic biceps curls raised BB activity to 4.3% and TB to 3.6% where WBV at 25Hz 2mm, 30Hz 2/4mm and 45Hz 4mm increased (p<.05) BB activity 0.6-0.8%. In the TB, all WBV stimuli except 35Hz 2mm increased (p<.05) activity 0.2-1%. CONCLUSION: WBV resulted in statistically significant increases in static and dynamic upper and lower body muscle activity. Whether these EMG increases translate into functional increases is unknown. It is recommended that WBV training include dynamic activities with a stimulus of 35–45 Hz with 4 mm amplitude to elicit the greatest increase in muscle activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".