In Vitro and In Vivo High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Thrombolysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To characterize the ability of high-intensity focused ultrasound to achieve thrombolysis in vitro and investigate the feasibility of this approach as a means of restoring blood flow in thrombus-occluded arteries in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee. Thrombolysis was performed with a 1.51-MHz focused ultrasound transducer with pulse lengths of 0.1 to 10 milliseconds and acoustic powers up to 300 W. In vitro experiments were performed with blood clots formed from rabbit arterial blood and situated in 2-mm diameter tubing. Both single location and flow bypass recanalization experiments were conducted. In vitro clot erosion was assessed with 30-MHz ultrasound, with debris size measured with filters and a Coulter counter. In vivo clots were initiated in the femoral arteries of rabbits (n = 26). Cavitation signals from bubbles formed during exposure were monitored. In vivo flow restoration was assessed with 23-MHz Doppler ultrasound. RESULTS: At a single location, in vitro clot erosion volumes increased with exposure power and pulse length, with debris size reducing with increasing pulse length. Flow bypass experiments achieved 99.2% clot erosion with 1.1% of debris above 0.5 mm in size. In vivo, 10 milliseconds pulses were associated with bleeding, but at 1 millisecond, it was feasible to achieve partial flow restoration in 6 of the 10 clots with only 1 of the 10 showing evidence of bleeding. In all cases, thrombolysis occurred only in the presence of cavitation. CONCLUSION: High-intensity focused ultrasound thrombolysis is feasible as a means of restoring partial blood flow in thrombus-occluded arteries in the absence of thrombolytic agents. The potential for bleeding with this approach requires further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".