Immunocytochemical Localization of Estrogen Receptors α and β in the Human Reproductive Organs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To better define the role of estrogens in reproductive functions, we have proceeded to the immunocytochemical localization of the estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERalpha and the recently discovered ERbeta+, in human reproductive tissues. In the ovary, ERbeta+ immunoreactivity was found in nuclei of granulosa cells of growing follicles at all stages from primary to mature follicles, interstitial gland, and germinal epithelium cells. Nuclear staining for ERalpha occurred in thecal, interstitial gland, and germinal epithelium cells. In the uterus, strong ERalpha immunoreactivity was detected in nuclei of epithelial, stromal, and muscle cells. Similar localization was obtained for ERbeta+, although the staining was much weaker. In the vagina, only ERalpha could be detected; a nuclear reaction was observed in deep layers of the stratified epithelium as well as in stromal and muscle cells. In the mammary gland, both ER subtypes were observed in epithelial and stromal cells. In the testis, ERbeta+ was detected in nuclei of Sertoli and Leydig cells, whereas ERalpha immunoreactivity was only observed in Leydig cells, with no tubular labeling. In the efferent ducts, only ERbeta+ could be detected, whereas neither ERbeta+ nor ERalpha could be found in the epididymis. In the prostate, ERbeta+ nuclear immunolabeling was observed in both basal and secretory cells in alveoli as well as in stromal cells, whereas ERalpha could not be detected. The present results demonstrate that there is a cell-specific localization for each of the ER subtypes in the majority of the reproductive organs studied. Moreover, they contribute to establish the exact sites of action of estrogens in male and female human reproductive systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".