Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article, written by Senior Technology Editor Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper SPE 146489, ’Field Application of Very-High-Volume ESP-Lift Systems for Shale-Gas Fracture-Water Supply in Horn River, Canada,’ by Geoffrey C.J. Coppola, SPE, and Ryan C. Chachula, SPE, Encana Corporation, prepared for the 2011 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, 30 October-2 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. One challenge of the Horn River shale play in British Columbia, Canada, has been the increasing number of fracture stimulations required per horizontal wellbore. Critically important is the massive volume of water required to supply the continuous fracturing operations in the development. To eliminate reliance on surface water, it was decided to produce high volumes of sour water from a relatively unknown underpressurized saline aquifer. The challenge was designing an appropriate lift system capable of producing volumes up to 8500 m3/d per well while addressing unknown fluid inflows, fluid transmissibility and recharge, and reservoir-fluid-chemistry characteristics. Introduction The Horn River basin is in northeastern British Columbia, approximately 1600 km northwest of Calgary, Alberta (Fig. 1). The primary-target horizons are the Muskwa, Otter Park, and Evie formations, which are predominantly organic and silica-rich shale. Since 2005, slickwater fracture treatments have grown from 400 m3 of water with 10 t of proppant in a vertical well to 29 staged fracture treatments per horizontal well, with each treatment consisting of 5000 m3 of water with 200 t of proppant. As the volume and number of treatments have grown, so has the demand for fracture-treatment water. At 5000 m3/stage, approximately 150 000 m3 of water is required for one horizontal-well completion with 30 fractures. The Debolt formation was identified as a potential water source that could supply the required fracture-treatment water. A test well was drilled to determine reservoir properties and the compatibility of the water with the Horn River fracturing program. Subsequent testing of the Debolt water revealed 21 000 mg/L total dissolved solids, 60 ppm H2S concentration in the water phase, and approximately 5000 ppm of H2S in the vapor phase. The Debolt formation was determined to be underpressured, with a pressure gradient of 7.2 kPa/m.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".