A Time‐ and Angle‐Resolved X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Polystyrene Exposed to a Helium Plasma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Summary: Angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) measurements were carried out, using Al Kα and Mg Kα radiation alternately, on a polystyrene sample that had been exposed to a helium plasma. It was observed that oxygen was introduced into the sample surface by the plasma treatment, and that some of it was lost over a period of 5 h under X‐ray irradiation in the vacuum of the spectrometer. The ARXPS data sets were corrected for the time displacement between consecutive measurements at different photoemission angles, and fitted with trapezoidal model depth profiles in order to extract simple oxygen concentration depth profiles, consistent with the data, as a function of time. The depth profiles were found to evolve in a consistent manner, indicating some loss of average concentration and especially thickness in the oxygen profile. In comparison with previously published results obtained using a helium/oxygen plasma, the oxygen loss was less severe. The results are also interpreted in terms of a model supposing the desorption of a highly oxidized oligomer layer created during the plasma exposure. Evolution of the apparent concentration of oxygen with Al Kα radiation as a function of irradiation time and photoemission angle. Symbols: ARXPS data; lines: splines drawn through points calculated from fitted depth profiles. magnified image Evolution of the apparent concentration of oxygen with Al Kα radiation as a function of irradiation time and photoemission angle. Symbols: ARXPS data; lines: splines drawn through points calculated from fitted depth profiles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".