First Report of <i>Laetisaria fuciformis</i> Causing Red Thread on Seashore Paspalum (<i>Paspalum vaginatum</i>) in South China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.) is a prostrate-growing, perennial, warm-season turfgrass native to tropical and coastal areas (2). Because of its good texture and natural tolerance to various environmental stresses, seashore paspalum has been introduced to golf courses in coastal regions of southern China. In April 2010, circular or irregular pink patches ranging from 5 to 50 cm in diameter were observed in the golf course fairway and rough established with cv. Salam on two golf courses in Haikou, Hainan Province, China. When morning dew was present or rainfall occurred, a pink layer of gelatinous fungal growth could be observed on leaves and sheaths. The green leaves of infected plants initially became water soaked, then tan to bleached, shriveled, and infested with pink or reddish, gelatinous, stranded hyphae. The hyphae matted together, then formed threadlike or antlerlike stromata from the tips of blighted leaves. Two isolates from each golf course were collected by plating diseased leaf blades, stromata, or hyphal aggregates from the blighted leaves directly onto antibiotic (0.01% gentamicin sulfate) amended potato dextrose agar. To confirm pathogenicity, isolates were inoculated on 6-week-old P. vaginatum (cv. Seaspray) planted (0.5 mg seed/cm–2) in 10-cm pots. Inoculum was prepared by culturing isolates separately on an autoclaved mixture of 100 g of rye grain and 20 ml of water for 3 weeks at 25°C. Pots were inoculated by placing 2 g of infected grain within the center of the turf canopy or 2 g of sterilized, uninfested grains to serve as controls, with four replications of each treatment. After inoculation, each pot was placed in a translucent plastic bag and placed into a greenhouse at 24 ± 2°C with a 12-h photoperiod (1). Two days after inoculation, the fungus was observed on the leaves. Approximately 40% of leaves in inoculated pots were necrotic after 7 days, and this increased to 80% after 21 days. Diseased plants in inoculated pots displayed symptoms similar to those observed in the field and no symptoms were detected on the control plants. The two isolates were successfully reisolated from all symptomatic tissues, completing Koch's postulates. Sequences of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA (mt-SSU) were amplified from the two isolates by primers MS1 and MS2, and the sequences showed 99% similarity with Laetisaria fuciformis from the NCBI database (Accession No. AY293232). Red thread on turfgrass has been commonly observed in temperate climates during periods of cool and humid weather (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. fuciformis causing red thread on P. vaginatum or from any host plant in China. References: (1) L. L. Burpee and L. G. Goulty. Phytopathology. 74:692, 1984. (2) R. R. Duncan and R. N. Carrow. Seashore Paspalum: The Environmental Turfgrass. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2000. (3) R. W. Smiley et al. Page 38 in: Compendium of Turfgrass Diseases. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2005.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".