Mild Depressive Symptoms Are Associated with Elevated C-Reactive Protein and Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels During Early to Midgestation: A Prospective Pilot Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We examined depressive symptoms, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels during early to-midgestation. METHODS: We measured depressive symptoms on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and serum CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α levels twice in 27 pregnant women. RESULTS: After adjustment, depressive symptoms prospectively (β=0.42, p<0.05 at 16-20 weeks of gestation) and concurrently (β=0.54, p<0.01 at 7-10 weeks of gestation) predicted elevated CRP [F (2, 14)=9.20, p=0.003, R(2)=0.57 and F (3, 15)=9.08, p=0.001, R(2)=0.64, respectively]. There were similar patterns of results for TNF-α (β=0.72, p<0.01) and IL-6 levels (β=0.39, p<0.05) at 7-10 weeks of gestation [F (2,19)=8.84, p=0.002, R(2)=0.48]. Furthermore, the association between depressive symptoms at 7-10 weeks of gestation and increased IL-6 levels at 16-20 weeks of gestation approached statistical significance. We confirmed the findings with the Wilcoxon signed rank test (IL-6: Z=2.44, p=0.015; TNF-α: Z=1.94, p=0.05; CRP: approached statistical significance). CONCLUSIONS: These pilot data suggest that depressive symptoms may be associated with inflammatory markers during early to-midgestation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".