Symptom Reporting by Functional Dyspeptics During the Water Load Test
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Reporting of symptoms and visceral sensations in functional dyspepsia is subjective and influenced by such factors as somatization and depression. To better understand the role of these factors in symptom reporting, somatization, somatosensory amplification, alexithymia, and depression were evaluated in patients with functional dyspepsia undergoing a water load test. METHODS: Sixty-seven controls and 103 patients with functional dyspepsia underwent a 5-min water load. Participants both recalled dyspeptic symptoms from the previous 2 wk and rated symptoms of nausea, fullness, and bloating during water load. Participants also completed the symptom checklist-90-R, somatosensory amplification scale, and the Toronto alexithymia scale. RESULTS: Compared with controls, patients with dyspepsia had greater psychiatric distress and higher scores for somatosensory amplification and alexithymia. Patients with dyspepsia also reported fullness at significantly lower volumes of water and experienced greater symptoms during water load than controls. Receiver operator characteristics of water load volume and provoked symptoms suggested that water load (WL) volume was a better discriminator of patients with dyspepsia from controls. Patients with dyspepsia recalled significantly more symptoms in the 2 wk prior to study. Symptoms provoked during WL were not associated with measured psychiatric constructs in either controls or patients with dyspepsia whereas recalled symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia were significantly associated with several measured psychiatric constructs. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with functional dyspepsia report fullness at lower volumes of ingested water and develop more symptoms than do controls. Water load volume better discriminates patients with dyspepsia from controls than does symptoms provoked during water load. Provoked symptoms in dyspepsia are not associated with measured psychiatric constructs but recalled symptoms are.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".