Morphometric Ablation Lesion Characteristics Comparing 4, 6, and 8 mm Electrode‐Tip Cryocatheters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
UNLABELLED: Cryolesion Characteristics. INTRODUCTION: Despite widespread clinical use, ablation lesions produced by cryocatheters with 6 and 8 mm electrode-tips have not been fully characterized. We, therefore, sought to quantify and compare lesion dimensions and thrombus formation with 4, 6, and 8 mm electrode-tip cryocatheters. METHODS AND RESULTS: By means of a randomized factorial design, 72 ablation lesions were created in atrial and ventricular chambers of adult miniature swine at a mean temperature of 79.9 +/- 4.0 degrees C. By histological morphometric analysis, the overall lesion depth was 4.3 +/- 2.1 mm, surface area 61.3 (28.7, 116.0) mm(2), and volume 130.2 (62.7, 231.3) mm(3). Cryolesions produced by all electrode-tip sizes were well circumscribed, with intact endothelial cell layers, and absence of thrombus. Colder temperatures generated lesions of greater surface area (P = 0.0061) and volume (P = 0.0080), but not depth. Depths were similar between the three electrode-tips. However, surface areas produced by 8 mm catheters were 91.7 mm(2) larger on average (176.7% increase, P = 0.0003) than 4 mm and 72.3 mm(2) greater (101.3% increase, P = 0.0144) than 6 mm catheters. The 8 and 6 mm catheters yielded mean lesion volumes 252.6 mm(3) (248.3% increase, P = 0.0041) and 115.9 mm(3) (113.9% increase, P = 0.0670) larger than 4 mm catheters. Greater variability in surface area and volume were observed with 8 mm catheters. CONCLUSION: Longer electrode-tip cryocatheters produce larger lesions of similar depth, with intact endothelial layers and absence of thrombosis. Surface areas and volumes may be particularly sensitive to catheter tip-to-tissue contact angles with larger electrodes, as reflected by greater variability with 8 mm tips.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".