Origin of Carbohydrate Degradation Products in <scp>l</scp>-Alanine/<scp>d</scp>-[<sup>13</sup>C]Glucose Model Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Maillard model systems consisting of labeled D-[(13)C]glucoses and L-[(13)C]alanines have been utilized to identify the origin of carbon atoms in glycolaldehyde, pyruvaldehyde, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (acetol), 2,3-butanedione, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2,3-pentanedione, and compounds containing C(5) and C(6) intact glucose carbon chains. The origin of carbon atoms in glycolaldehyde and pyruvaldehyde was inferred from the analysis of label incorporation pattern of methyl and dimethylpyrazines. The origin of carbon atoms in the remaining compounds was determined by direct analysis. The data indicated that glycolaldehyde incorporated intact C5-C6 and C1-C2 carbon chains of glucose. Acetol and pyruvaldehyde incorporated intact C1-C2-C3 and C4-C5-C6 carbon chains of glucose. On the other hand, 2, 3-butanedione and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone incorporated intact C3-C4-C5-C6 carbon chain of glucose. In addition, analysis of compounds containing intact glucose C(5) carbon chains have indicated that glucose in the presence of L-alanine can lose either C-1 atom to produce a pentitol moiety responsible for the formation of furanmethanol or it can lose the C-6 atom to produce a pentose moiety responsible for the formation of furfural. Plausible mechanisms, consistent with the observed label incorporation, were proposed for the formation of sugar degradation products.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".