Effect of Sulfate Electrolyte Additives on LiNi<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>1/3</sub>Co<sub>1/3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/Graphite Pouch Cell Lifetime: Correlation between XPS Surface Studies and Electrochemical Test Results
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The role of two homologous cyclic sulfate electrolyte additives, trimethylene sulfate (or 1,3,2-dioxathiane-2,2-dioxide, TMS) and ethylene sulfate (or 1,3,2-dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide, DTD), used either alone or in combination with vinylene carbonate (VC) on the lifetime of LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 (NMC)/graphite pouch cells was studied by correlating data from gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC–MS), d Q /d V analysis, ultrahigh precision coulometry, storage experiments, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For VC alone, more stable and protective SEI films were observed at the surface of both electrodes due to the formation of a polymer of VC, which results in higher capacity retention. For TMS, similar chemical SEI compositions were found compared to the TMS-free electrolytes. When VC was added to TMS, longer cell lifetime is attributed to VC. For DTD, a cell lifetime that competes with VC was explained by a preferential reduction potential and a much higher fraction of organic compounds in the SEI films. When VC was added to DTD, the contribution of both additives to the SEI films is consistent with the initial reactivity observed from d Q /d V and GC–MS analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".