Southern Exposure: Diefenbaker, Latin America, and the Organization of American States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the first four years of his premiership, Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker took an immense interest in Canada’s relations with Latin America. Diefenbaker and his two foreign ministers, Sidney Smith and Howard Green, actively expanded Canadian links to the region and flirted with joining the Organization of American States. In turn, many Latin American political leaders welcomed Ottawa’s focus on their region. However, us President John F. Kennedy’s own interest in an expanded role for Canada in the Western hemisphere alarmed many Canadians, including the prime minister. This article examines the Canadian government’s formulation of Latin American policy and analyzes the interplay between foreign and domestic policy on this question. Pendant ses quatre premières années de pouvoir, le Premier ministre John Diefenbaker s’intéressa vivement aux relations du Canada avec l’Amérique latine. Diefenbaker et ses deux secrétaires d’État aux Affaires étrangères, Sidney Smith et Howard Green, ne ménagèrent pas les efforts pour développer les relations entre le Canada et cette région, songeant même à joindre l’Organisation des États américains. À leur tour, plusieurs dirigeants politiques latino-américains se réjouirent de l’attention qu’Ottawa accordait à leur région. L’intérêt de John F. Kennedy lui-même, le président des É.-U., pour un accroissement du rôle du Canada dans l’hémisphère occidental préoccupa bien des Canadiens, dont le Premier ministre. Cet article retrace l’élaboration de la politique latino-américaine du gouvernement canadien et analyse l’interaction des politiques étrangères et intérieures sur cette question.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".