Spontaneous blastomere fusion after freezing and thawing of early human embryos leads to polyploidy and chromosomal mosaicism
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The incidence of blastomere fusion after cryopreservation of early human embryos (day 2 and day 3) was investigated using the standard propanediol technique. The process of fusion was observed in all developmental stages (from 2 to 10 cells) and the frequency of this event was 4.6% in day 2 (41/889) and 1.5% in day 3 (10/646) embryos that survived the thawing (embryos with 50-100% intact cells). Fusion of two, and occasionally of several, blastomeres resulted in the formation of multinucleated hybrid cells, which clearly indicated that the ploidy of these newly created cells had been altered. This event, depending on the number of fused cells per embryo, transformed the embryos into either entirely polyploid embryos (complete fusion at 2- or 3-cell stage) or into mosaics being a mixture of polyploid and normal cells. Chromosomal preparations of embryos affected by blastomere fusion indicated the presence of tetraploid mitotic plates. Also, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using DNA probes targeting unique sequences on chromosomes 9, 15, 17 and 22 indicated the existence of tetraploid and diploid fluorescence signals in the interphase nuclei within mosaics. Therefore, observations on live and fixed embryos suggested that tetraploid (4n) or hexaploid (6n) and tetraploid-diploid or more complex aberrations of ploidy might be formed as a consequence of blastomere fusion. Furthermore, this demonstrates that freezing and thawing may induce numerical chromosomal changes in human embryos.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it