Evidence of hexaploid karyotype in shortnose sturgeon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A karyotype analysis by several staining techniques was carried out on triplicate samples of the shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum. The chromosome number was found to be 2n = 372 +/- 6. A representative karyotype of 374 chromosomes was composed of 178 metacentrics/submetacentrics and 196 telocentrics/acrocentrics and microchromosomes. The signals of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a HindIII satellite DNA probe were visible on 14 chromosomes. The signals obtained with a PstI satellite DNA probe appeared on 12 chromosomes. The FISH with a 5S rDNA probe revealed fluorescent signals on 6 chromosomes. These last results, compared with 2 signals in species with about 120 chromosomes and 4 in species with 240, support the hypothesis that A. brevirostrum is a hexaploid species, probably of hybrid origin. Based on these results, we propose a model explaining speciation events occurring in sturgeons by hybridization, genome duplication, and diploidization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".