Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In 2010 the US declared the Lake Erie water snake a recovered species, but in Canada the snake is still considered to be an endangered species. After explaining the legal similarities between the Ontario Endangered Species Act and the American Endangered Species Act, this article examines a case study with landowner interviews from one US island and one Canadian island. It is concluded that landowner attitudes toward conservation and private property are very similar. Thus, it is argued that bureaucratic differences, particularly institutional capacity and implementation styles, enabled the US but not Canada to recover the snake. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for better communication between the two countries for the purposes of biodiversity conservation. Keywords: environmental policyLake Erieendangered speciesCanadaUnited States Notes 1. A Lockean notion of property is essentially the belief that property is a natural intrinsic right, outside the sphere of government, granted to humans by God (Locke Citation[1680] 1952, sec. 27). John Locke founded this notion of property in 17th century in England. This notion of property made its way into the US Constitution by way of the founding fathers, particularly Thomas Jefferson's sympathies for a concept of property that could protect individual landowners from government tyranny (Bromley Citation1998, 24). 2. In 2001 the Canadian Alliance party existed and was represented inside the House of Commons. Since that time, the CA merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the Conservative Party of Canada. 3. This data was used in a publication regarding landowners' norms by the same author (Olive and Raymond Citation2010) as well as subsequent publication regarding the effectiveness of stewardship in Canada (Olive Citation2011). 4. The Department of Ocean and Fisheries is also responsible for implementing the ESA, but their jurisdiction is limited to marine life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".