Distance of Three Supernova Remnants from H<scp>i</scp>Line Observations in a Complex Region: G114.3+0.3, G116.5+1.1, and CTB 1 (G116.9+0.2)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present new radio continuum and H I images toward the supernova remnants (SNRs) G114.3+0.3, G116.5+1.1, and G116.9+0.2 (CTB 1) taken from the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey (CGPS). We discuss the dynamics of their H I environment and a possible relationship of these SNRs with each other. We discovered patches of H I emission surrounding G114.3+0.3 indicating a location in the Local arm at a distance of about 700 pc, in contrast to previous publications, which proposed a Perseus arm location. The other two SNRs have radial velocities of -17 km s -1 (G116.5+1.1) and -27 km s -1 (CTB 1) according to related H I. However, the structure of the H I and its dynamics in velocity space suggest a possible relation between them, placing both remnants at a distance of about 1.6 kpc. CTB 1 appears to be embedded in an H I feature that is moving as a whole toward us with a velocity of about 10 km s -1 . Furthermore, the off-centered location of CTB 1 in a large H I bubble indicates that the so-called breakout region of the remnant is in fact due to its expansion toward the low-density interior of this bubble. We believe that the progenitor star of CTB 1 was an early B- or O-type star shaping its environment with a strong stellar wind, in which case it exploded in a Ib or Ic event.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".