Current Place of Beta-Blockers in the Treatment of Hypertension
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hypertension represents the most common cardiovascular risk factor, affecting more than 25% of the adult population in developed societies. Although beta-blockers have been previously shown to effectively reduce blood pressure and have been used for hypertension treatment for over 40 years, their effect on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients remains controversial and their use in uncomplicated hypertension is currently still under debate. According to the previous recommendations beta-blockers should not be preferred as first-line therapy in hypertension patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge on application of beta-blockers in patients with hypertension and discusses the most recent guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension (2009) on beta-blockers applications. Keywords: Hypertension, antihypertensive treatment, beta-blocker, cardiovascular risk, beta-blockers, blood pressure, carteolol, carvedilol, labetalol, nadolol, penbutolol, pindolol, propranolol, timolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, nebivolol, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, ESH/ESC 2007, European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis, Losar-tan Intervention For Endpoint, Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial, Blood Pressure Low-ering Arm, International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study, Metoprolol Atherosclerosis Prevention in Hypertension, ACE inhibitors, Conduit Artery Function Evaluation, Canadian Hypertension Education Program, coronary artery disease CHF, congestive heart failure
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it