“THE DIRECTION OF THE WHOLE OF THE FORCES AVAILABLE”: THE DISPUTED SPHERES OF MILITARY AND CIVIL AUTHORITY IN THE EASTERN CAPE (1877– 1878), NATAL (1879) AND ZULULAND (1888)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the late Victorian British Empire, the spheres of authority of the civil andmilitary powers were not unequivocally defined, and could lead to wrangles thatthreatened the efficient conduct of military operations. Three such disputes occurredin southern Africa between 1878 and 1888. In 1878, during the 9th Cape FrontierWar, the high commissioner replaced the Cape ministry with a more compliant oneto assert control over both the imperial and colonial forces engaged. During theAnglo-Zulu War of 1879, the lieutenant-governor of Natal disputed the right of thegeneral officer commanding to deploy African levies raised and stationed in Natalalong the Zululand border. In 1888, during the uSuthu Rebellion in Zululand, thegovernor interfered with the general’s military arrangements because he believedthese arrangements affected his civil powers. To head off future disputes of thisnature, the British government ruled in 1879 that the commander in the field alwayshad to exercise full control over active operations, and in 1888 finally clarified inwhich circumstances the general in command assumed operational authority overboth the colonial and imperial troops stationed in a colony.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".