Aquatic Treadmill Walking at Various Water Depths in Individuals with and without Traumatic Brain Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate biomechanical gait variables of aquatic treadmill walking at various water depths in individuals with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI). In addition, the differences will be compared between the two groups. Method: A multivariate repeated measures study was used to compare gait variables across three walking conditions in both groups. Total often individuals with TBI and ten individuals without history of TBI participated in the study. All participants were given five-minute practice trials of walking on an aquatic treadmill (AquaGaiter, FERNO, Willington, OH) at the waist level for familiarization. During this practice trial, they were asked to select a comfortable walking speed which was then applied to all three walking conditions. All participants were tested for two minutes at each level of water depth. The water depths were adjusted by a movable floor pool (KBE, Germany, 2002) to three levels of water depths: waist (umbilicus), chest (Xiphoid process) and neck (Cervical 7). Six spatiotemporal and nine lower limb joint kinematics variables were analyzed by using underwater video capturing system (Equinox, Galesburg, MI) and two-dimensional motion analysis software (Ehuman software, HMA Technology Inc., Ontario, Canada). RESULTS: Both TBI and Non-TBI groups demonstrated statistically significant differences across three walking conditions. The stride time and stride length of both groups were significantly increased while walking at the C-7 level (all ps<0.05). However, cadence of both groups was significantly decreased while walking at the C-7 level as compared to the other two conditions (p<0.05). In both groups significantly greater peak hip flexion, peak knee flexion and peak plantar-flexion angles were found during walking at the C-7 level (all p <0.05). A significant decrease in peak dorsi-fiexion angle was noted at the C-7 level in both groups. There was no significant group difference in the rates of changes. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings will provide scientific understanding of aquatic treadmill walking which will assist to develop more effective gait rehabilitation program for individuals with mobility disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".