Congenital heart defects and major structural noncardiac anomalies in Alberta, Canada, 1995–2002
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although the majority of congenital heart defects (CHDs) occur in isolation, a significant number occur with noncardiac anomalies. This study determined the proportion of noncardiac anomalies among CHD cases in Alberta. METHODS: Records of infants and children born in Alberta between January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2002, were searched using multiple sources of ascertainment in addition to the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (ACASS) (Alberta Health and Wellness, 2012). Each case was assigned to one CHD category and was further categorized into one of the following groups: isolated CHD, syndromes, chromosomal, associations and sequences, teratogens, Mendelian, neoplasia, heterotaxy, multiple minor anomalies, and multiple major anomalies. RESULTS: Of all 3751 CHD cases (prevalence 12.42/1000 total births: confidence interval, 12.03-12.83), 75% were isolated, 10% had a chromosomal etiology, and 9% had multiple major anomalies. All other categories accounted for <2% each. The most commonly associated major noncardiac anomalies were musculoskeletal (MSK) (24%) followed by anomalies of the urinary tract (14%), gastrointestinal system (GI) (11%), and central nervous system (CNS) (11%). CONCLUSIONS: This is both a population-based and clinical study using a classification scheme that could help to determine possible etiologic factors contributing to CHD. By eliminating known etiologies such as chromosomal and single gene, future studies can focus on the remainder to evaluate possible preventive measures. The most commonly associated major noncardiac anomalies involve the MSK system, followed by the urinary, GI, and CNS systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".