Using Sugar and Amino Acid Additives to Stabilize Enzymes within Sol−Gel Derived Silica
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The inclusion of additives during the immobilization of proteins into sol−gel processed materials has been widely explored as a route to stabilize proteins against the denaturing stresses encountered upon entrapment. In this report, we explore the effects of sorbitol and N -methylglycine (collectively referred to as osmolytes) on both the conformational stability and biological activity of the enzymes α-chymotrypsin and ribonuclease T1 in solution and when entrapped into sol−gel derived silica. In each case, the encapsulation of the enzymes into sol−gel derived silica in the absence of additives led to a moderate decrease in the thermodynamic stability of the proteins. However, entrapment in the presence of the osmolytes produced significant increases in the thermal stability and biological activity of the encapsulated proteins. We show that the observed enhancements in enzyme stability are likely based on a combination of increases in the pore size of the silica material (which improves substrate delivery and thus activity) and changes in the thermal stability of the entrapped enzymes in the presence of osmolytes. Our results suggest that these additives stabilize the two proteins by altering the hydration of the entrapped protein, hence this stabilization method may prove to be applicable to a wide variety of proteins.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it