Heat Stability of Aggregated Particles of Casein Micelles and κ‐Carrageenan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Aggregated particles of casein micelles and κ‐carrageenan were produced as a dried milk ingredient, then reconstituted and subjected to a heat treatment of 70 °C for 10 min. The reconstituted aggregates were found to be unstable when heated. Light scattering results showed that the aggregates dissociated partially into casein micelles. It was hypothesized that the removal of ions during ultrafiltration before spray‐drying to produce the powdered ingredient significantly decreased stability upon reconstitution and heat treatment. When ions, either from whey permeate or calcium addition, were added to reconstituted aggregates, stability was greatly enhanced and the aggregates remained intact when subjected to heat. The effect of heat treatment on aggregates freshly produced with skim milk powder and κ‐carrageenan was also studied. These aggregates were found to be stable during heating due to the unchanged ionic environment. Therefore, incorporation of powdered aggregates of casein micelles and κ‐carrageenan into products would require the addition of whey permeate or calcium after reconstitution for stability during subsequent heating. Practical Application: Casein micelles and κ‐carrageenan readily form aggregates when cooled together in solution with shearing. These aggregates have the potential to add functionality to skim milk powder; however, they have to be stable to subsequent applications. This research demonstrates that careful control of ionic balance is required to dry the aggregates, reconstitute them, and heat the reconstituted solution to pasteurization temperatures, but when controlled the intact aggregates can be maintained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".