Propped Fracturing in High Temperature Deep Carbonate Formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Acid fracturing, as a conventional and effective stimulation method, has been widely used in carbonate formation. But because of serious acid leak-off and rapid acid/rock reaction speed, the length of effective acid etched fracture is always restricted, even the high viscosity acid and emulsified acid were applied; besides the effective duration of etched fracture was short, especially in deep well, because of the high closure stress acted on the fracture wall where the rock were softened significantly after contact with acid. In contrast, propped fracturing can create longer conductive fracture, and its effective duration is longer because the existence of proppant. The carbonate reservoir are deeply buried (>4500m) with high temperature (>130°C), ultra-low porosity/permeability, high young's modulus and tensile strength, and the natural fractures often densely distributed in it, all of which makes the propped fracturing difficult. A new temperature-stability and shearing resistance delayed cross-linked guar fracturing fluid with low damage was developed to qualify for the fracturing treatment. Small size high strength ceramic proppant was selected to fulfill the narrow width of fracture, and proppant slugs was utilized to erode the tortuousness of near-wellbore fracture path and plug near-wellbore multiple hydraulic and natural fractures. The technology countermeasure ensured the success of propped fracturing treatment. The net pressure and production history matching both indicated that the propped fracturing created longer conductive fracture and realized deep penetration. The well production increased dramatically after the stimulation. Besides, the comparison of production after gelled acid fracturing, surface cross-linked acid fracturing and propped fracturing in the same layer same well suggested that propped fracturing was more effective than the acid fracturing. The production test further showed propped fracturing could provide longer effective duration, and the well rate-maintenance capability was very excellent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".