Aspects of the pathology and etiology of 'drippy gill' disease of the cultivated mushroom <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus sporocarps exhibiting characteristic 'drippy gill' symptoms from a natural outbreak were examined. Discrete bacterial droplets on the hymenial lamellae often coalesced to form ribbons of bacterial ooze. Longitudinal splits on the stipe were lined with a similar bacterial ooze. Bacteria isolated from both the hymenium and stipe were identified as Pseudomonas agarici, and were confirmed to be the causal organism by satisfying Koch's postulates. By light and transmission electron microscopy, the causal bacteria were found to colonize the extrahyphal spaces and degrade the extracellular matrix within affected sporocarps. Degradation of the extracellular matrix was shown to reduce the integrity of the sporocarp, and result in stipe splitting and hymenium disruption. In artificial inoculations of the pileus, bacteria were shown to exist predominantly in sporocarp tissue below the point of inoculation and above affected areas of the hymenium, indicating an approximately vertical passage through the sporocarp via the extracellular spaces. The dissolution of the extracellular matrix, and the observed failure of the bacterium to produce a toxin active against A. bisporus, allow the bacteria to pass through protective membranes unnoticed, and infect the stipe and hymenium prior to veil break. These observations dispel previous assumptions of intrahyphal existence and transmission. In the few instances in which the bacteria were observed to be intrahyphal, the host fungal cell wall was often broken, suggesting intrahyphal existence was opportunistic rather than obligatory. The taxonomic position of a bacterium isolated previously from sporocarps exhibiting symptoms similar to those of drippy gill was determined by examining the biochemical and nutritional profiles of the bacterium, and comparing them with other Pseudomonas agarici isolates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".