Permeabilization and cell surgery using femtosecond laser pulses: an emerging tool for cellular manipulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Non-invasive manipulation of live cells is important for cell-based therapeutics. Herein, we report on the application of femtosecond laser pulses for cellular manipulation, and the generation of optical pores for cytoplasmic delivery of non-reducing cryoprotectants. Under precise laser focusing, we demonstrate membrane surgery on live mammalian cells, and ablation of focal adhesions adjoining fibroblast cells. In both studies, the morphology of the cell post-laser treatment was maintained with no visible collapse or disassociation. When mammalian cells were suspended in a hyperosmotic cryoprotectant solution, focused femtosecond laser pulses were used to transiently permeabilize live cells for sucrose uptake. To verify the cytoplasmic uptake, the volumetric response of cells in 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 M cryoprotective sucrose was measured using video microscopy. From membrane integrity assays, we determined that optimal cell survival of 91.5 ± 8% is achieved using 0.2 M sucrose, with a decline in survival at higher concentrations. Using diffusion analysis for a porous membrane, the intracellular accumulation of cryoprotective sucrose was theoretically determined. At a diffusion length of 10 um, > 70% of the extracellular osmolarity was estimated to be intracellularly delivered following closure of the transient pore. We anticipate that our study will have important applications for biopresevation, and profound implications for surgery and cell-isolation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".