Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies on the adsorptive removal of nickel, cadmium and cobalt from wastewater by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoadsorbents
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Because of its unique properties, such as specific functionality and large specific surface area, iron oxide nanoadsorbents had showed potential for energy and environmental applications. This work investigated the adsorptive removal of different metal ions from wastewater by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoadsorbents (Fe 3 O 4 ). Batch‐adsorption technique was employed to assess the kinetic behaviour and adsorption equilibrium of cadmium, cobalt and nickel. Accordingly, the effect of the following variables on the adsorption reaction was tested, namely: solution pH, contact time and temperature. Metal ion adsorption was found to be highly pH dependent with a maximum uptake achieved around pH 5.5. Kinetic studies showed that adsorption was fast and equilibrium was achieved in less than 60 min. The external mass transfer kinetic model was applied to the experimental results and provided reasonable overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients. Adsorption isotherms were determined and appropriately described by the Freundlich and Langmuir models, with a better fit to the Freundlich model. The amount of metal ion adsorbed increased as the temperature increased, suggesting an endothermic adsorption process. The thermodynamics studies indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it