Sex allocation in <i>Carex</i> (Cyperaceae): effects of light, water, and nutrients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sedges of the genus Carex L. are mostly wind-pollinated, self-compatible, monoecious herbs in which female flowers are receptive before pollen is released (protogyny). One hypothesis was examined for the adaptive importance of the monoecious sexual system, namely that having two flower types permits flexibility in allocation of resources to male and female reproductive functions in the face of changing environmental conditions. Fourteen greenhouse experiments were conducted on a total of six Carex species in which I manipulated one or more of three environmental variables: nutrients, water, and light. These variables had small effects on the proportion of female flowers, though the effects were significant for at least one variable in 8 of the 14 experiments. High nutrient and light levels were generally associated with increased femaleness, while high water levels were associated with increased maleness. Increased female allocation in response to enhanced resource availability has been demonstrated in many species and is thought to reflect the greater potential fitness gains via the female function than via the male function when resources are plentiful. The opposite effects of water are anomalous and contrary to results in the literature. Because the effects of environmental manipulations on sex allocation are modest, the evolution and maintenance of monoecy in sedges probably reflect advantages other than flexible sex expression, at least in part. Selection for avoidance of self-pollination may have been particularly important in favoring the combination of protogyny and monoecy in Carex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".