Nasopharyngeal-Type Undifferentiated Carcinoma (Lymphoepithelioma) of Paranasal Sinuses: Rare Case and Literature Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
of the nasopharynx, all of these tumours are felt to be epithelial in origin. The WHO type 3 lesion, a nonkeratinizing (undifferentiated) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), has the histologic distinction of being associated with various degrees of lymphocytic infiltration. 3,4 This so-called “lymphoepithelioma” is a discrete pathologic entity because 5-year survival rates appear to be higher with this tumour compared with the WHO type 1 and 2 lesions. 5 Although nasopharyngeal carcinomas of all WHO classifications are relatively common in individuals of Asian descent, comprising up to 18% of all malignancies in this population, they are quite rare in whites. 3,4 The nasopharynx is composed of a surface epithelium with indigenous lymphoid tissue. These characteristics apart the nasopharynx are encountered in other structures and explain why tumours with histopathologic characteristics identical to those of nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma have been found in the oropharynx (Waldeyer’s ring region), salivary glands, thymus, lung, stomach, skin, uterine cervix, and bladder. The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, trachea, larynx, and hypopharynx, although lined with surface epithelium, lack an intimate association with lymphoid tissue on a constant basis, and this might be the reason
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".