Bibliographic record
Abstract
Copper exists in two oxidation states, cuprous (Cu1+) and cupric (Cu2+), which, respectively, can donate or accept electrons. The fact that copper has two readily interconvertible redox states makes it a catalytic co-factor for many important enzymes. Over the past years, work in a number of laboratories has clearly demonstrated that studies in yeast have served as a springboard for identifying cellular components and processes involved in copper uptake and distribution. In several cases, it has been shown that mammalian proteins are capable of functionally replacing yeast proteins, thereby revealing their remarkable functional conservation. For high-affinity copper transport into cells, it has been shown that copper transporters of the Ctr family are required. Upon entering the cell, copper is partitioned to different proteins and into different compartments within the cell. Given the potential toxicity of copper, specialized proteins bind copper after it enters the cell and subsequently donate the bound copper to their corresponding recipient proteins. Three copper-binding proteins, Ccs1, Cox17, and Atx1, have been identified that serve as "copper chaperones" to deliver copper. double dagger.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".