Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Hormonal Contraceptive Use, and the Plasma Proteome in Caucasian, East Asian, and South Asian Young Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vitamin D affects gene expression, but its downstream effects on the proteome are unclear. Hormonal contraceptives (HC), which affect vitamin D metabolism and have widespread effects on the plasma proteome, may confound the association between vitamin D and the proteome. We determined whether HC use modified the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) and a panel of 54 high-abundance plasma proteins. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted in healthy, nonsmoking female HC users (n = 216), female HC nonusers (n = 502), and men (n = 301) from Toronto, Canada. Plasma 25D was measured by HPLC-MS/MS, and proteins were measured by LC-multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM)-MS. The 54 proteins clustered into four distinct proteomic profiles. A positive association was observed between Profile 1, containing positive acute phase proteins, and 25D. In female HC users, a J-shaped association existed between Profile 1 and 25D, but no associations existed in female HC nonusers and men. Twelve proteins were individually associated with 25D in female HC users, but only two were associated with 25D in female HC nonusers and no associations were observed in men. After accounting for hormone dose, only three proteins were associated with 25D. In summary, HC use is an important confounder of the association between circulating 25D and numerous plasma proteins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".