Anterograde Trafficking of CXCR4 and CCR2 Receptors in a Prostate Cancer Cell Line
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Most prostate cancer-related deaths result from metastasis. CXCR4 and CCR2 are known to govern cellular processes resulting in cell migration, proliferation and survival. These receptors are expressed at low levels on normal prostate cells and are highly expressed on malignant and metastatic prostate cancer cells. Signaling of these receptors is relatively well understood, but processes governing their expression at the cell membrane are not. PC3 prostate cancer cells were used to demonstrate the importance of various Rab GTPases on cell surface expression and signaling of CXCR4 and CCR2, along with the CXCR4/CCR2 heterodimer. METHODS: PC3 prostate cancer cells were transfected with select Rab GTPase wild-type and dominant negative constructs. Effects of each Rab GTPase on endogenous cell surface expression of the individual receptors, along with the overexpressed CXCR4/CCR2 heterodimer, were determined by biotin-streptavidin cell surface assays. These results were corroborated by assessing signal transduction, measured by focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation. CONCLUSION: Rab GTPases required for cell surface expression and signal transduction of CXCR4 or CCR2 differ from those required for the CXCR4/CCR2 heterodimer. Determining trafficking regulators of two key receptors involved in the metastatic transition may identify new targets to restrict expression of chemokine receptors employed during metastasis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".