Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hand is a very versatile functional part of the body and therefore more prone to trauma and thus trauma-related tumor-like lesions are more likely to develop in the hand and wrist region. A broad spectrum of variable lesions can involve the hand. Most are benign non-neoplastic trauma-induced tumor-like lesions. True neoplasms of the hand are predominantly benign. Primary malignant tumors of the hand are rare, apart from the common cutaneous malignancies, for example basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Secondary metastases are very rare. Most of the hand lesions are histologically recognizable without problems. Certain highly proliferative and cellular lesions, particularly soft-tissue and skeletal benign pseudosarcomatous tumors and tumor-like lesions, can lead to misdiagnosis. The unwary pathologists, on occasions, could misinterpret them as sarcomas with catastrophic surgical management consequences for the patients. Awareness of the spectrum of neoplasms and pseudotumors that involve the hand will help pathologists avoid these interpretation errors and guide surgeons to the best surgical management for the patients. We conducted a retrospective review study to investigate the prevalence and spectrum of hand neoplasms and tumor-like lesions in a setting of a general community-based hospital practice compared with studies conducted in specialized tertiary reference-based hospitals in developed countries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".