Water Cutting, Stress and Salivary Immunoglobulins in Elite Wrestlers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intense training has been associated with increased stress and immune suppression in athletes. Testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) have been reported to suppress immunity while their ratio (T/C) has been used as an indicator of training induced stress. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine if intense training coupled with dehydration methods implemented to lose weight prior to competition had an effect on the variability of stress hormones resulting in a suppression of salivary Immunoglobulins in elite wrestlers. The hypothesis was that the variability (measured by %CV) of testosterone (T), cortisol (C) or T/C ratio might relate to salivary immunoglobulin counts. METHODS: Eleven elite wrestlers (21.3 ± 1.7 years of age) volunteered to participate in the study and were placed in either the experimental (WC; n=5) or the control (CO; n=6) group based on whether they were subjected to water cutting in preparation for an upcoming competition. Saliva samples were obtained at rest and 1-hr post-training over a two-week preparation cycle leading to competition. Resting samples were also obtained one day and two weeks following the competition. Saliva samples were assayed (ELISA) for T, C, and total antibody concentrations of both IgA and IgG classes. RESULTS: WC significantly decreased weight over the course of the study by 4.6 ± 1.4 kg. The 2-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant day by group effects or interaction for resting antibody counts, T, C and T/C. Further pair-wise analysis showed significant post-training increases in IgA (2.2 ± 0.3 to 2.4 ± 0.3 ng/mL), IgG (1.2 ± 0.3 to 1.4 ± 0.4 ng/mL), T (283.8 ± 94.4 to 317.5 ± 92.4 pg/mL) and C (4.0 ± 1.6 to 4.8 ± 2.0 ng/mL) while a 9% decrease was found in post-training T/C. These post-training increases in T and C were higher in WC (19 and 28% for T and C, respectively) than CO (7 and 13% for T and C, respectively). The variability of post training T/C was related to both immunoglobulins at rest and after training indicating that higher the variability of T/C response, the lower the IgA and IgG. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid weight loss by prolonged dehydration seems to result in higher stress hormone variability in elite wrestlers. The continuous changing of the metabolic state of stress hormones might be a maladaptive response while a steady T/C ratio might enhance immunity in elite athletes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".