Galvanic vestibular stimulation alters the onset of motor unit discharge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have previously shown that galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) can modulate the amplitude of the passive soleus H-reflex. This study examined whether the response resulted from a general change in excitability of the motoneuron pool or a specific modulation of individual motor units (MUs). Subjects performed slow isometric plantarflexor actions in a prone lying and kneeling position until the discharge of a single gastrocnemius MU was detected. During randomly selected trials, a 1-mA bipolar, binaural galvanic stimulus was triggered just prior to the start of plantarflexor activity. With the knee extended and the medial gastrocnemius (MG) at a long muscle length, GVS did not have an effect on MU activity. However, when the knee was flexed and the MG muscle was shortened, GVS significantly modified the onset of activation and the initial firing frequency of MUs. This may reflect a change in the gain of the presynaptic inhibitory mechanisms that act on the motoneuron pool once a muscle reaches a shortened, nonoptimal force-producing length. Thus, GVS may provide an important research tool for activating descending vestibulospinal pathways that act on lower-limb motoneurons and may be applied to test the integrity of the spinal cord.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".