Encapsulation of Milk β-Lactoglobulin by Chitosan Nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Naturally occurring polymers, such as chitosan, have been extensively studied as carriers for therapeutic protein and gene delivery systems. β-Lactoglobulin (β-LG) is a member of the lipocalin superfamily of transporters for small hydrophobic molecules. We examine the binding of milk β-lactoglobulin with chitosan of different sizes such as chitosan 15, 100, and 200 KD in aqueous solution at pH 5-6, using FTIR, CD, and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. Structural analysis showed that chitosan binds β-LG via both hydrophilic and hydrophobic contacts with overall binding constants of K(β-LG-ch-15) = 4.1 (±0.4) × 10(2) M(-1), K(β-LG-ch-100) = 7.2 (±0.6) × 10(4) M(-1), and K(β-LG-ch-200) = 3.9 (±0.5) × 10(3) M(-1) with the number of bound protein per chitosan (n) 0.9 for ch-15, 0.6 for ch-100, and 1.6 for ch-200. Chitosan 100 KD forms stronger complexes with β-LG than chitosans 200 and 15 KD. Polymer binding did not alter protein conformation inducing structural stabilization. Chitosan 100 is a stronger protein transporter than chitosan 15 and 200 KD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".