Biological control of damping-off on American ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolius</i>) by<i>Clonostachys rosea</i>f.<i>catenulata</i>(=<i>Gliocladium catenulatum</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seedling damping-off caused by several soilborne fungal pathogens is a recurring problem for commercial growers of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) throughout the major production areas of Canada. The pathogens isolated from diseased seedling roots during 2001 and 2002 included Pythium ultimum and other Pythium species, Phytophthora cactorum, Fusarium solani and other Fusarium species, Rhizoctonia solani, and Cylindrocarpon destructans. Four commercially formulated biocontrol agents - Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 (RootShield® DrenchTM WP (wettable powder)), Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61 (Mycostop® WP), Trichoderma virens (synonym: Gliocladium virens) strain GL-21 (SoilGardTM 12G (granular)), and Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata (synonym: Gliocladium catenulatum) strain J1446 (PreStop® WP and PreStop MixTM G (granular)) - were evaluated in commercial gardens of American ginseng at three locations during 2002 and 2003 for efficacy in reducing damping-off. Application of PreStop Mix G as a combination of seed treatment (applied in the fall season) and three soil drenches (applied in the spring season) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased seedling stand; the protection provided by this treatment was comparable to that of a seed treatment with Apron XL® LS (solution for seed treatment; active ingredient: metalaxyl-m). CaptanTM 50 WP, as a seed treatment, showed the highest efficacy in reducing damping-off in this study. The other three biocontrol products did not protect ginseng seedlings against damping-off.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".