Potential Uses of Velvet Antler as Nutraceuticals, Functional and Medical Foods in the West
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Velvet antlers have been used as Oriental medicine for many centuries. Traditional medical reports and clinical observations from the Eastern world convincingly show that velvet antler is biologically active. However, little information is available on chemical and biological efficacy of antler products in the West due to the incomplete understanding of the uses and pharmacological properties of velvet antlers. To make antler products acceptable as nutraceuticals and functional foods in the West, antler research has been conducted to isolate and characterize the chemical and biological properties of velvet antlers. The chemical composition of antler was determined in four sections (tip, upper, middle, and base). Contents of dry matter, collagen, ash, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium increased (P < 0.05), and those of protein and lipid decreased (P < 0.05) downward from the tip to the base. The concentrations of uronic acid, sulfated glycosamino-glycan (GAG), and sialic acid decreased (P < 0.05) downward. Amino acid and fatty acid contents, expressed as percentage of total protein and lipid, respectively, also varied (P < 0.05) among sections. The yield of chondroitin sulfate (CS) was approximately six fold greater in the cartilaginous (tip and upper) sections than in the bony (middle and base) sections. In addition to CS, the antler sections contained small amounts of keratan sulfate (KS), hyaluronic acid, and dermatan sulfate. Two proteoglycans associated with GAGs were also extracted from the cartilaginous section; a large aggregated proteoglycan with CS and KS and small molecules of decorin. Water soluble extracts rich in GAG stimulated the growth of bovine fibroblast in culture. Feeding antler diet for 54 days showed a significant effect on the growth rate of immunized rats. Diet antler powder resulted in a significant increase of HDL-C/LDL-C ratio (P < 0.05). The result appears to reflect the involvement of unknown factor(s) derived from the antler diet suggesting the importance for the prevention of the risk of coronary heart disease. Hematocrit value and iron content in plasma also significantly increased by feeding antler powder (P < 0.05). Thus, our data suggest that there are significant unknown factor(s) in the antler powder that enhances the biological performance of growing rats.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".