Summer high‐latitude mesospheric observations of supersonic bursts and O(<sup>1</sup>S) emission rate with the UARS WINDII instrument and the association with sprites, meteors, and lightning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Supersonic neutral velocities, called supersonic bursts, are observed in localized regions lasting for over 8 s of enhanced O(1S) emission rate for tangent altitudes of 73–80 km during summer daytime by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on board the UARS satellite; the occurrence rate is 40% (≥500 m s−1) for latitudes above 65°N. These bursts are proposed to be produced by accelerated electrons and ions in a strong electric field. Theory suggests that an electric field of 45 V m−1 is required to generate a typical supersonic velocity of 750 m s−1 forced by ion‐neutral collisions at 82 km, the altitude at which polar mesospheric clouds occur. Coincidences in space and time between supersonic velocity profiles and space‐based lightning detection observed at a wavelength of 777.4 nm were found in a limited number of cases in high‐latitude summer, a region for which the lightning detection has the highest occurrence frequency (2–3.5%) and optical energy (1 J m−2 sr−1μm−1) as a function of month and latitude. The electric field must have sufficient energy to generate atomic emission features, more than for sprites and comparable with tropospheric lightning. Support for the existence of supersonic bursts at high latitude is provided through the observation of “chirps” in infrasound emissions which frequently occur in the absence of tropospheric lightning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".